Reaction to The Reader :: Reader

Reaction to The Reader   In part II, chapter eight of Bernhard Schlinks The Reader, the first-person narrator Michael describes reading the account written by a concentration camp who had survived on with her mother, the soul survivors in a large group of women who were being marched away from the camp. He says, the book...creates exceed. It does not invite one to identify with it and makes no one sympathetic... The uniform could be said of The Reader. The book is written in such a way as to distance one from the characters. It prevents people from sympathizing with Hanna or Michael or bothone else, taking a sort of detached viewpoint from their problems. This can be paralleled to the efforts of the German people towards Vergangenheitsbewältigung, or coping with the past. In coping with Germanys Nazi history, the Germans attempted to distance themselves from it and the moral implications it presented. They tried to understand it without involving themselve s in it, since involving themselves could implicate them. The one person in the book who cannot distance herself, Hanna, is still unsympathetic because everyone else distances themselves from her, making it impossible to understand with any aspect of her plight. Hanna is symbolic of German history in this respect.   As the narrator, Michael is particularly hard to sympathize with. The way he guides the story eschews emotional attachment. He himself feels detached from almost everything ....I felt nothing my feelings were numbed. His detachment transfers to the readers. None of his traits, or any of the situations he comes up against, makes one feel particularly sorry for him. nix makes one want to understand what hes going through or where hes coming from. He is simply there, dictating the story, telling us about his feelings without us getting involved. advertize alienating is his tendency to fall into tangents which dont relate to the main narrative. These tang ents are even harder to muster interest in than the true point of the book and dont serve any discernible purpose, in the end causing us to separate even further from the story.   Michaels feelings of numbness and alienation--and, subsequently, the feelings of numbess and alienation that are produced in the books audience--reflect the attempts made by the German people to distance themselves from the spectres of the Nazi past.

The Great Pyramid: Largest Pyramid in the World :: Expository Essays

The Great Pyramid Largest Pyramid in the World The great pyramid was create during the reign of Khufu, 2nd king of thefourth dynasty (2,720-2,560 BC). It stands on the Giza plateau nighCairo and is the biggest pyramid in the world. It measures 230 m (756 ft)on each side of its outdoor stage and originally measured 147 m (482 ft) high. Beginning in the 10th century AD the entire Giza complex served as asource of building materials for the complex body part of Cairo as a result,all three pyramids were stripped of their original smooth outer facing oflimestone. The core masonry consists of large blocks of local limestone taken fromthe nearby quarries and built around and over a rocky knoll. The size ofthe knoll cannot be determined, since it is completely covered by thepyramid. The entrance to the pyramid is in the centre of the northern face.It is located in the thirteenth course of masonry from the base. Thisentrance has a pointed roof formed of massive slabs of local limestone andopens into a long steeply locomote musical passage. From there a 36 meters longascending passage leads to a 35 meters long horizontal passage that leadsto the so called Queens chamber. This chamber measures 5.2 by 5.7meters and the upper limit height of its pointed roof is almost 15 meters. Thenorth and south walls each have a small hole a few centimeters squareabout 1 meter from the floor. These lead into narrow channels thatoriginally opened on the exterior of the pyramid. At the juncture of theascending and horizontal passage is an possibleness of a shaft which descendsto a depth of 60 meters. It opens into the lower part of the descendingpassage, close to the unfinished, underground chamber, and is believed tohave been an escape shaft for the workmen who filed the ascending passagewith huge stones after the kings funeral. From the horizontal passage the Grand Gallery, which leads to the kingschamber, starts. It is 47 meters long and 8.5 meters high, and has acorbelled roof. In the center of the floor is a sunken ramp about 60centimeters deep. The Grand Gallery ends in a horizontal granite passagewhich serves as an antechamber. It measures 8.4 meters long and 3.1 metershigh, and has slots for three portcullises. Beyond the antechamber is theso-called Kings Chamber which is lined, roofed and paved with redgranite. It measures 5.2 by 10.8 meters and is 5.8 meters high.

Computer Crimes :: Identity Theft

Computer Crimes Computer Crimes are on the rise in the state of okay with one-third of the to the highest degree common being identity theft, credit card fraud, and computer hacking. A confused caller was having troubles printing documents. He told the technician that the computer was grammatical construction that the computer could not find the printer. The user had even tried turning the computer screen to face the printer, but his computer still could not see the printer. individuation TheftInstances of identity theft have increased as the willingness of lenders like issuers of credit cards to extend credit without physical human contact, the ability to work out sales and other business at a distance (online and via telephone), and the availability of in-person information, and its volume held by third parties, has increased. Credit card scams are three most common identity theft case taleed so protect sensitive information and when at the ATM cover your pin and if on t hat point is a line ask the person behind you to step back. When doing transactions on the internet verify that the site is secure and remember the name of the sites cuss are what the name of the transaction will be called on the bank statement. If online banking is available from your bank check the account weekly, 70% of identity theft is spy by the victim and victims who do this through electronic monitoring suffer less than 1/8th that of the one who reply on paper. Identity theft is the number one computer crime in Oklahoma City. Their were over 6,000 complaints in the state of Oklahoma in 2005 and 484 in OKC alone, Edmond and Tulsa are not far behind with over 300 cases. Nationally Oklahoma is 28th in the country for identity theft case reported. A few techniques for obtaining identification that most identity thieves might include Stealing mail, rummaging through rubbish (dumpster diving), stealing personal information in computer databases, and infiltration of organizat ions that store large amounts of personal information.Credit card fraudDo not give account information on a cell phone use a home base phone if possible, and do not give your pin number over the phone if some one ask you for your pin(personal identification number) over the phone report that person immediately because they are jeopardizing your information and it could be a scam. Persons that commit credit card crime largely go unpunished and repeatedly con consumers and businesses.

Nutrition and You :: Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet

victuals is the relationship of foods to the wellness of the human body . Proper nutrition means that you are receiving equal foods and supplements for the body to function at optimal capacity. It is important to remember that no single nutrient or activity can deem optimal health and well being, although it has been proven that some nutrients are more important than others. Nutrition plays a critical role in athletic performance, but many ready people do non eat a diet that helps them do their best. Without a basic understanding of nutrition, popping a pill seems easier than planning a menu. In reality, there is no pill, potion, or powder that can enhance your performance like the right foods and fluids. All of the nutrients are necessary in divergent amounts along with exercise to maintain proper health. thither are six main types of nutrients used to maintain body health. They are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water . They all must(prenominal) be in eternal sleep for the body to function properly. There are also five major food groups. The groups are fats and oils, fruits and vegetables, dairy products, grains, and meats. lick is also an important part of nutrition. Exercise helps t unrivalled and maintain muscle tissue and ensure that the body?s organs stay in good condition. well eating without exercise entrust not result in good nutrition and a healthy body - neither will exercise without nutrition. The almost important thing well-nigh exercise is that it be practiced regularly and that it be practiced in accompaniment with a healthy diet. It is also plummy to practice more that one sport as different sports exercise different areas of the body. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the sources of aptitude for the body. To have enough energy you need to deplete enough energy. Getting qualified calories is one of the keys to an ergogenic, or performance-enhancing, diet. With too few calories you will feel tired and weak, and you will be more prone to injuries. The contained energy is expressed in calories. There are 9 calories per gram in fat and there are about 4 calories Nutrition and You Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet Nutrition is the relationship of foods to the health of the human body . Proper nutrition means that you are receiving enough foods and supplements for the body to function at optimal capacity. It is important to remember that no single nutrient or activity can maintain optimal health and well being, although it has been proven that some nutrients are more important than others. Nutrition plays a critical role in athletic performance, but many active people do not eat a diet that helps them do their best. Without a basic understanding of nutrition, popping a pill seems easier than planning a menu. In reality, there is no pill, potion, or powder that can enhance your performance like the right foods and f luids. All of the nutrients are necessary in different amounts along with exercise to maintain proper health. There are six main types of nutrients used to maintain body health. They are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water . They all must be in balance for the body to function properly. There are also five major food groups. The groups are fats and oils, fruits and vegetables, dairy products, grains, and meats. Exercise is also an important part of nutrition. Exercise helps tone and maintain muscle tissue and ensure that the body?s organs stay in good condition. Healthy eating without exercise will not result in good nutrition and a healthy body - neither will exercise without nutrition. The most important thing about exercise is that it be practiced regularly and that it be practiced in accompaniment with a healthy diet. It is also desirable to practice more that one sport as different sports exercise different areas of the body. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the sources of energy for the body. To have enough energy you need to consume enough energy. Getting adequate calories is one of the keys to an ergogenic, or performance-enhancing, diet. With too few calories you will feel tired and weak, and you will be more prone to injuries. The contained energy is expressed in calories. There are 9 calories per gram in fat and there are about 4 calories

A Separate Peace - Phineas And Carpe Diem :: essays research papers

"He was everywhere, he enjoyed himself hugely, he laughed out loud at passing sea gulls"(39). This line is describing Phineas, or Finny, and how he lives life to its fullest and seizes the day. Finny is an example of living the "carpe diem" (seize the day) philosophy from the movie "Dead Poets Society." There are a few examples in the first part of this novel of how Finny takes advantage of life. The first example is how he enjoys himself so much at the beach. Gene describes how Finny has such a great time at the beach as seen in the opening quote. He says he runs all over the place and jumps into waves, laughing at the seagulls, when most(prenominal) others would be lying on the beach being lazy. Another example of Finny living a full life is that he makes up his own bouncing just because he doesnt want to waste his time playing badminton. The strange thing is that this endorse turns out to be a popular game in the novel which is still played 15 years lat er as the author says. Finny invents this game just on a spur of the moment, do up the rules as he goes along, you can see that he surely doesnt want to waste any of his ability. Which points you to the last example. The last example is concerning his flimsy athletic ability. Finny and Gene are in the pool one day, and they read the plaque that holds the swimming record times. Finny looks at one and decides that he can sidestep that time record. He tries, and he beats the record. Gene wants him to do it on front of an official judge. Finny Refuses and says "No, I just wanted to see if I could do it. Now I know"(35). This tells you that he lives life to its fullest, since he is just doing this to see if he can. Most people wouldnt even speculate about trying to see if they could break the record, they would be too lazy to go find a stop watch anyway.

A Separate Peace - Phineas And Carpe Diem :: essays research papers

"He was everywhere, he enjoyed himself hugely, he laughed out loud at passing sea gulls"(39). This line is describing Phineas, or Finny, and how he lives vitality to its fullest and seizes the day. Finny is an example of living the "carpe diem" (seize the day) philosophy from the movie "Dead Poets Society." There are a few examples in the first part of this novel of how Finny takes expediency of life. The first example is how he enjoys himself so much at the beach. Gene describes how Finny has such a great clock at the beach as seen in the opening quote. He says he runs all over the place and jumps into waves, laughing at the seagulls, when most others would be lying on the beach being lazy. other example of Finny living a full life is that he makes up his own game just because he doesnt want to waste his time playing badminton. The strange thing is that this game turns out to be a popular game in the novel which is still played 15 eld later as the autho r says. Finny invents this game just on a spur of the moment, making up the rules as he goes along, you can see that he surely doesnt want to waste any of his ability. Which points you to the last example. The last example is concerning his incredible athletic ability. Finny and Gene are in the pool unmatchable day, and they read the plaque that holds the swimming record times. Finny looks at one and decides that he can beat that time record. He tries, and he beats the record. Gene wants him to do it on front of an official judge. Finny Refuses and says "No, I just wanted to see if I could do it. Now I know"(35). This tells you that he lives life to its fullest, since he is just doing this to see if he can. Most people wouldnt even think about trying to see if they could break the record, they would be also lazy to go find a stop watch anyway.

Liberal Arts Study

William Cronon states in his article entitled but connect the goals of good-looking education that liberal education is founded on the virtues of aspiration towards the emergence and growth of mankind potential for the services of humane freedom. This simply means to say that liberal education is a way by which a human being is released and brought to a place where he or she can fulfill their ut about potential.Liberal education and the study of liberal arts, for that matter, is a way of life and not simply a form of education adapted by institutions. It pretends passion and girth of acquaintance. It accounts for a broad understanding of various kinds of intimacy that is needed for the holistic development of an individual. In todays society, however, is the study of liberal arts truly needed? What is the importance of studying liberal arts?One of the most important aspects of liberal arts is in the incident that it encompasses the humanities. The study of liberal arts then sanctions the study of the humanities. Why is this important? What makes the humanities essential in the progress of humanity, in the continuation of an individuals daily life?There argon many skeptics, especially in this age of unending collects for currency and luxury, who believe that the study of the liberal arts, in general, and of the humanities, in particular, is only for those who have time on their hands only for those who have no plans in lend to the fast-paced development occurring all over the earth today. However, this sentiment is wrong and misled in many ways. Before one can understand this, however, one moldiness first be able to understand what the humanities ar.According to A.S.P. Woodhouse in his article The Nature of liberal arts, humanities is a field of study that reverts the attention or the quest for knowledge on man. It puts the focus of attention on the life of man. Other definitions of humanities state that The essence of the humanities is a spirit o r an carriage toward humanity. (The Humanities in American Life, 3) The humanities, then, is exactly what its name implies, the study of humans, of human life, of human way of life.However, this is very broad. If the scope of the humanities is humanity, this would indicate a underweight impossibility in studying it in its totality. This is why the development of the study of humanities has involved the sorting of the discipline into different interrelated fields. These include, but be not limited to, literature, art history, music history, cultural history, philosophy, dance, theater, arts, and film. All the disciplines related to humanities and through which it is studied are all centered on human values, beliefs, emotions and in like manner the way these aspects are portrayed through the creativity of humans. (Witt, Brown, Dunbar, Tirro, and Witt, xxvi)It is clear from this description that the humanities are different on many levels from fields of knowledge such as the natura l sciences. The sciences include the observation of the sphere we exist in. It entails creating assumptions, collecting data, and trying to create theories and laws to explain the behavior of the data collected. The humanities, the arts, on the some other(a) hand, begin with the very things that are considered irrelevant in science. It starts with the intangible things that are formulated by the creativity and imagination of a human being. The humanities begins with the world man created for himself and only then progresses to the world that is seen with the physical eye.(Frye, 23)Even from this basic explanation of the difference between humanities and science, one can see that there is no point of comparison. Both fields of knowledge are concerned with different aspects of reality. Even with this basic truth, the importance of studying the liberal arts, of studying humanities is seen. As much as there is a need to study science and to explore the world in the way that scientist s wish to approach it, there is also a need to study the liberal arts and humanities and the opposite way by which humanists approach the world. It is, quite possibly, through the intersection of the approaches of both bodies of knowledge that true reality can be understood.However, there is another reason for studying the liberal arts and the humanities. It has been studied by scientists that the human brain is cleft into two. These two hemispheres are in charge of two different aspects of human behavior. The left hemisphere is said to be important for sequences, literalness, and analysis. The right hemisphere, on the other hand, deals with context, emotional expression and synthesis. The left brain has been commonly related to the sciences while the right brain has been related to the humanities.Daniel Pink in his article Revenge of the overcompensate Brain stresses the importance of developing the right brain. He indicates that the world is in overdrive to stick to the sciences , to emphasize the development of the left brain. Computer savvy individuals are held at high esteem. Mathematicians are considered to be of top caliber in the human race. However, he points out that the future is not geared towards a candid understanding of numbers and figures. He emphasizes the need to go right, to develop the capabilities of the right brain. Individuals with the ability to create, to synthesize technology with the development of humanity, and to innovate new ways of thinking are needed.There is, therefore, a need to stretch out further than we have dared to go. The success and the development of mankind is not just in understanding the world he or she lives in but also in being able to interact with it creatively. Being a liberally educated person, says William Cronon in still Connect, means being able to connect with the world and to interact with it in new and creative ways.This brings one to understand that, thence, the humanities and the sciences are not snap off or battling fields. In fact, the two are interrelated and should be used together for the betterment of society. In fact, without the general knowledge of all, both are then already converging in areas such as biomedical research, application of microprocessing and computer technologies, conduct of government, arms control, and utilization of natural resources.These are only a few of the many fields where both humanities and science are needed because of their very nature as fields with social and ethical aspects. (The Humanities in American Life, 6) It is thus clear that as much as society today emphasizes the need to develop the study of the natural sciences, it should also encourage the continuation and the development of the study of the different liberal arts and humanities.Although it is clear that there is a need to interrelate the two bodies of knowledge, the need to study the liberal arts and humanities is not simply based on the fact that it contributes to the de velopments of science. Science is said to be a study engaged in the invariable gathering of information. It involves the steady accumulation of data about the world in which man moves and grows.The liberal arts and humanities on the other hand are unorthodox with regards to the view of education as an addition of knowledge one on top of the other. This is because the liberal arts and humanities are concerned with creation. They involve processes of visualizing the future, of imagining the ideal, of creating in the mind the concept of a society and world to be hoped for. The humanities involve the study and the understanding of the culture and the cultural contexts of mankind. (Witt, Brown, Dunbar, Tirro, and Witt, xxvi) It puts things in status because, as the initial definition stated, it focuses on the human life.The humanities, then, involves the aspects of life and reality that are not covered by science. These are just as important, and peradventure at times more important, than the fields science handles. This is evidenced by the fact that both fields of knowledge are interrelated. This is evidence by the fact that both approach the study of life from opposite sides. This is what renders the study of humanities and liberal arts important.A.S.P. Woodhouse in his The Nature of Humanities stated,If the humanities are indeed normative, if they mold the mind and sensibility of the student and bring an accession of wisdom, it is by virtue of their subject matter, of the ideas which they present or evoke and the experiences to which they give him entry and these ideas and experiences progress to their full effect only as they are examined critically, evaluate, and by the student made his own.This shows that the study of the liberal arts and the humanities is essential not only in the fact that its main subject of study is important. An education in the liberal arts teaches an individual to think outside the box. It teaches him or her to become a critical th inker. The world is no longer simply a place of dates, names, theories, and laws. It becomes a place of endless questions and unlimited answers answers that can be wrong, right, or someplace in between. The human being becomes someone with the capacity to reject or accept the validity of everything occurring around him. More importantly, man becomes someone with the capacity to create, change, and define the world in which he or she lives. The liberal arts and humanities empowers man and makes him the center of his world. It also humbles man, placing him in a world that continues to provoke thought, emotion, and exploration.Works CitedCommission on the Humanities. The Humanities in American Life Report of the Commission on Humanities. Berkeley University of California Press. 1980.Cronon, William. Only connectthe goals of liberal education. The American Scholar, 67(1998)Frye, Northrop. The Educated Imaginaion. Bloomington & London indium University Press. 1974Pink, Daniel H. Reveng e of the right brain. Wired Magazine, 13(2005) Retrieved 29 March 2008 from Witt, Brown, Dunbar, Tirro, and Witt. The Humanities. 7th ed. Jean Woy. Berkeley, Boston Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005.Woodhouse, A.S.P. The nature of humanities. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1989.

The Battle of Antietam

The Battle of Antietam is an infamously significant military operation of the Civil War in a political and strategic sense. The entire campaign takes place over the course of a single sidereal day, yet bears a higher death toll than multiple wars combined. The henchman the States was greatly out-manned, but extraordinarily resilient. However, the greatest advantages of the dispute were held by the Union.Their arguable success in Sharpsburg propellight-emitting diode President Lincolns temerarious announcement of the emancipation Proclamation and rallied the morale of northboundern soldiers and civilians to preserve the Union and abolish slavery.Battle of Antietam 3 The Battle of Antietam A terrible reality of war is bloodshed. But neither the North nor the South anticipated the decimation of Antietam, the bloodiest battle of the Civil War. On September 17, 1862 war waged and ravaged the small town of Sharpsburg, Maryland resulting in unprecedented casualties. More lives were at sea in a single days battle than in all the wars fought in this country during the nineteenth century combined. (McPherson, 2004, p. 3) No other day in American history is saddled with greater loss.Although, the battle ended somewhat inconclusively with heavy death tolls on both sides, its affect on the War was decisive. Strategically, it was the first Confederate campaign on northern soil and it set an intimidating precedent. General lees astounding resilience, even time out-manned, put a quick halt to any immediate, brazen attacks on Union ground. (Only one other battle was fought in the North, the rest in the South. ) Politically, it weedy progress for the Confederacy by alienating the much-needed European support they had hoped to win.However, it promoted the federal official agenda by paving the way for President Lincolns bold Emancipation Proclamation. With an arguable victory under his belt, came the right opportunity to solidify the Norths abolitionist platform. The sc ale tipped in their favor strengthen their resolve to continue the fight, rather than concede to peace. James McPherson calls Antietam the battle that changed the course of the Civil War. (McPherson, 2004, p. XVI) Leading up to the BattleGeneral Lee and his men were still fresh with the Manassas victory (The Second Bull Run), which led to another victory at Harpers Ferry. There, Jacksons troop snatched control from a smaller isthmus of Union forces and replenished their supplies. Then quickly rejoined Battle of Antietam 4 Lees soldiers in Sharpsburg, where they chose to take a stand against the move Confederate army led by General McClellan. September 17, 1862 0600 to 0900 The sun had no sooner risen and the first shot was cauterised from a Union rifle. Antietam Creek was resonant with the large(p) of roaring artillery.It was the beginning of an unforgettable exchange between Lees 40,000 soldiers and McClellans 87,000. Lee arranged his men in defensive positions along Sharpsbu rgs bluffs and hills with their backs to the Potomac River. After an early morning volley of rounds, McClellan offensively marched several of his troops towards Millers Cornfield. They were immediately met with enemy pom-pom. McClellan responded quickly. He withdrew his men and rained cannon fire into the cornfield. Men and corn were leveled ruthlessly. Eyewitness, Union General Joseph Hooker, comments on the grisly momentIn the time I am writing, every stalk of corn in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as closely as could have been done with a knife, and the slain lay in rows barely as they had stood in their ranks a few moments before. (NPS, 2001) The South rallied and retaliated with a storm of artillery fire. The two parties stood among the fallen corn in very close proximity, scarcely 200 or so yards distanced, unloading their weapons into one another. A New York soldier, Isaac Hall, described it the warfare They stood and shot each other, until the lines me lted away like wax. (NPS, 2001) The battle spilled into the West Woods as soldiers attempted to evade the cornfields onslaught, but enemy lines kept finding one another and continued to fire at point-blank range. Battle of Antietam 5 September 17, 1862 0900 to 1300 Towards mid-morning, Confederate troops were chased out of the cornfields and beaten back to a defensive location theyd secured earlier. They began hunkering down in an 80-yard trench, which had been hollowed out by the heavy wagons of nearby farms. Improvising, they stacked fence rail to help shield themselves from the Unions unrelenting barrage.McClellans men kept advancing and Lees men kept defending from their carved out patch of earth. No side showed any signs of surrender, so ammunition continued to fly. The southern troops managed to repel at least four hearty Union advances at the cost of 5,600 lives.. The roughly shocking bar of casualties took place in and around this trench, now called, Bloody Lane. The scene s captured by American photographers sobered Americans, communicating the true and gritty reality of war. After three arcminutes in the trench, a Confederate officer -misunderstanding his commands- ordered his troops to evacuate the sunken lane.Others followed suit. The Confederate Army ran back through the cornfields toward the outskirts of the village. McClellan had the upper hand, but decided against pursuing Lees forces although, he could have dispatched his available fresh reserves to complete the task. This hesitation on his part, bought the Confederate troops more time. Earlier that morning, Lee positioned soldiers and Georgian sharpshooters around the Antietam Bridge, where they spent most of the morning warding off the Norths advance.Finally around 1300, the line broke through. After a two hour rest, the North continued their advance. The renewed northern soldiers had the southerners Battle of Antietam 6 on the run again. At this point, the southern army was in retreat mod e, filling the Sharpsburg streets and objective for cover. But hope arrived around 1540. One of Lees generals from Harper Ferry (who had been detained) arrived on the scene with 3000 men. Blindsiding the Union troops, they bombarded their left flank. In this swift grow of events, Lee regained ground.In these last hours of the battle, more Union casualties occurred than Confederate. McClellan suffered great loss, despite the reserve still available to him. He was hesitant to dispatch his full resources and this hesitation allowed the Confederate Army enough leash to fight again another day. Severely depleted in numbers and morale, they retreated across the Potomac River, only to rally again for the next battle. In November, McClellan was dismissed from duty. Both sides were devastated 12,410 Confederate soldiers and 10,700 Union soldiers died fighting for their way of life.General Lees men withstood incredible resistance, but the North was most advantaged by the battles outcome. Pr esident Lincoln used the battles marginal victory as a stepping stone in the Federal agenda. Now the war had a dual purpose to preserve the Union and abolish slavery. (NPS, 2001) And, that is exactly what happened. Battle of Antietam 7 References James M. McPherson (2004). Crossroads of Freedom Antietam, 3, XVI. matter Park Services (2001). Battle of Antietam. Retrieved December 8, 2008, from http//www. nps. gov/archive/anti/battle. htm.

Quantitative Versus Qualitative Interpersonal Communication Essay

Quantitative inter psycheal communication is described as any communication between ii individuals, whether it is between two friends or simply two strangers that ar save interacting for a matter of seconds. It is defined by the number of people in the interaction that is victorious place. An example of this type of communication might be two people passing each some other on the street and saying effective morning or How do you do?. They may be that brief, or they may be a continuing occurrence, say between a learner and his or her teacher. The two may spend an entire school year together and never speak again in their lives.The other exposition is called qualitative. This interaction also takes place between two people, but is defined by its six separate factors, rather than the number of people involved. Qualitative communications must be unique, irreplaceable, interdependent, involve disclosure of personal information or feelings, have intrinsic rewards, and be fairly scarce. These types of communications are said to happen only five times in a lifetime, although I think it would be more accurate to suggest that an individual has only five qualitative relationships at any given time. A person may have a qualitative relationship with a family member, best friend, significant other, or any person they enjoy spending time with and would like to continue to be involved with.I personally believe that the qualitative, rather than the quantitative description better represents the definition of interpersonal. The word inter implies that the communication taking place is close to home, or has an effect within a person. Personal says to me that the communicator has time, emotions, and interest tied into the communication that is taking place. If two people meet for the first time at a cash register, talk for a total of two minutes, and go on their way, they are likely never to see each other again. No matter how polite the interaction, neither of the comm unicators has been significantly affected in fact, they are probably loss to forget that the exchange even took place.To me, there is nothing internal or personal about this. Qualitative interactions, on the other hand, usually have a lasting effect on both parties. When two people are dating, they develop unique rules and roles, their moods affect each other, and they share information with each other that they may not share with anyone else. They are both looking for and hopefully receiving a sense of fulfillment, and if they were to discontinue the relationship for any reason, it would be extremely high-flown to find one with the same qualities. The end of the relationship would be considered a loss, and to me, that makes it interpersonal.

Courseware assignment Essay

Dan, Joey and Mike argon teenagers out for a walk on Longmeadow Lane when they spot a b rightfulness and inviting H every last(predicate)oween march on the Jones property. Without meaning to damage anything, they decide to walk across the natural lawn to get a closer look. Unknown to them, there is a faulty electrical connector on one of the jack-o-lanterns. Mr. Jones had intended to repair the wiring but he didnt get around to it before installing the display. In addition, there are a few groundhog holes on the front lawn that Mr. Jones knows about but never worried about because he knows where each one is. As the terce teens stealthily creep across the yard toward the lit up decorations, Joey steps right into a groundhog hole, twists his ankle and falls with a howl right into the jack-o-lantern with the shorted wire, causing him to get a shock on his arm and shorting out all the decorations on that circuit. Joey sues Mr. Jones for negligence.Please answer the following question s in roughly one paragraph each based on the courseware and what you learned in class. There is no need to research or use case law to answer these questions. 1) For purposes of liability Of land occupiers, what class of entrants is Joey considered part of? What are the rights of this class of entrants? What special rule or doctrine could potentially lead to Mr. Jones liability to Joey? abnormally Dangerous ActivityAn undertaking that cannot be performed safely even if conceivable care is used while performing it and for which the actor may face hard liability for any rail at caused. The courts currently use a list of standards to determine whether or not an abnormally dangerous activity has been undertaken so that stark liability applies. The general rule is that if someone maintains an abnormally dangerous condition on his property or engages in an action that poses an unavoidable risk of harm to other people or property, that person may be liable for the harm caused under th e theory of Strict Liability, even if he used reasonable care to prevent the harm.http//nationalparalegal.edu/api_ak/courseware_asp_files/torts2/StrictLiability/AbnormallyDangerousActivities.asp3) All things considered, do you think Mr. Jones will be liable? Why or why not? Mr. Jones wants to sue Joey for shorting out all the decorations and ruining the circuit. For what tort would he do so? Will Joey be held liable?Explain. IntrusionEntry onto another persons property without permission. Trespass to land is delimit as a persons unlawful entry onto anothers land. There are five elements which the plaintiff must show for a valid suit.(1) There was a volitional act made by the defendant.(2) The Defendant acted with the intent of intruding on the plaintiffs land.(3)There was an actual ravishment on the plaintiffs land(4) The plaintiff was in possession, or was entitled to immediate possession, of the land when the intrusion took place.(5) the intrusion was caused by the defendants ac t.http//nationalparalegal.edu/api_ak/courseware_asp_files/torts1/againstProperty/tresspassLand.aspBecause Joey intended to intrude onto Mr. Jones land, Joey will be held liable for 3 trespasses in this scenario, 1 for intentionally going onto Mr. Jones land, 2 for shorting out all the decorations, and 3 for ruining the circuit.

Baby Dumping

Today, in our society, every age, they need to deal with the problem. An period of some of the problems may be different from another era problem, it could be the same. High instruct students, especially in the face so many problems. Five issues high school students face these days, illegal racing, use of drugs and alcoholic drink abuse, free sex, abortion and scotch dumping. Problems usually follow the flow, first racing, it is usually held in the evening, of course, it is troublesome to other road users. In addition, it can also be deadly man. After the game, they testament usually go to a nightclub.It is they start drugs, become addicted to alcohol outranks. When they are under the influence of drugs and alcohol, which will pretend them to have an unprotected sex, which center that sex did not take any preventive pregnancy. High school students are too immature to fully comprehend the impact of no sex, it is accomplishable for their lives. Therefore, there is no doubt, b ecause that would create another problem. For a given problem is abortion and queer dumping. Unintended pregnancy scare, aborted babies in the lead they take risks, their families know that sensible changes after.Abortion is a dangerous act, which may be fatal mother. But in a desperate situation uniform this, they can not rationally think. But not everyone has enough intuition, abortion to take the risk. Some of them decided to give birth to a bungle, but wherefore the end of it, for some reason, they dumped the baby did not hesitate. Dump the baby means that they throw away after the baby is not in any place to take care of it. Typically, the baby is in a dump after they were born. In most cases, the baby was already dead when they find someone else. bumble DumpingToday, in our society, every age, they need to deal with the problem. An era of some of the problems may be different from another era problem, it could be the same. High school students, especially in the face so many problems. Five issues high school students face these days, illegal racing, use of drugs and alcohol abuse, free sex, abortion and baby dumping. Problems usually follow the flow, first racing, it is usually held in the evening, of course, it is troublesome to other road users. In addition, it can also be deadly man. After the game, they will usually go to a nightclub.It is they start drugs, become addicted to alcohol places. When they are under the influence of drugs and alcohol, which will cause them to have an unprotected sex, which means that sex did not take any preventive pregnancy. High school students are too immature to fully understand the impact of no sex, it is possible for their lives. Therefore, there is no doubt, because that would create another problem. For a given problem is abortion and baby dumping. Unintended pregnancy scare, aborted babies before they take risks, their families know that physical changes after.Abortion is a dangerous act, which may be fatal mother. But in a desperate situation like this, they can not rationally think. But not everyone has enough intuition, abortion to take the risk. Some of them decided to give birth to a baby, but then the end of it, for some reason, they dumped the baby did not hesitate. Dump the baby means that they throw away after the baby is not in any place to take care of it. Typically, the baby is in a dump after they were born. In most cases, the baby was already dead when they find someone else.

Police Organization Essay

History of PoliceSeptember 05, 2013Throughout this essay the author will be discussing the history of the practice of law. Describing the impact that a gentleman named Sir Robert clean had on American policing. A look at the relationship between the U.S. judicature and the policing organizations throughout the United States. Lastly how these relationships may affect police practices today. As we begin lets first get an understanding for what a police organization is be as. The police ar a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. (The Role and Responsibilities of the Police, 2009) A police organizations graphic symbol is usually defined as an agency within a defined legal or territorial ara of responsibility utilize a legitimized use of force. Policing can be traced all the way back to ancient china. In didnt start becoming more popular in the U.S until the late 18th century where the rich to protect p roperty used it. As societies developed policing began to transform into a group of appointed men to inviolable haven or monitor set areas such as towns or cities. Eventually it became the full fledge state and city appointed agencies that we know today. In 1829, a gentleman by the name of Sir Robert Peel established the Metropolitan Police Force for London based Scotland Yard. Doing this crowned him the father of modern policing.At first his theory and implementation of a police force was not accepted amongst Londons society. As time progressed and crime rates began to press down do to the police presence more and more cities across the UK began establishing their own police agencies. Sir Robert also developed what is called Peelian Principles which defined the ethical requirements of a police policeman in order for them to be successful. These principles outlined that, 1. Every police officer should be issued and identification number, to assure accountability for his actions. 2 . Police are effective not measured on the number of arrests, but on the lack of crime. 3.Effective authority figure knows trust and accountability are paramount. (The design of Peels Principles A study of policing textbook, 2006) When it comes to the U.S. government and the policing organizations their relationships often intertwine but can cause conflict as tumefy. The police have a set of laws, guidelines, and jurisdictions that they essential abide by. Based on city and state these roles may vary. U.S. government organizations or federal law enforcement agencies have a completely separate role that they play.The conflict can occur when jurisdictions and different criminal cases my cause confusion on which level of organization should be the ones handling it. Often times cases are help at the local police level until it reaches a certain degree at which point federal law enforcement steps in. As well U.S. constitution and political policies often impact police organizations. Th is relationship can almost be described as a love and hate relationship. In one case the U.S Government is making choices that it believes will be the best interest of the society. While on the other hand the police who have feet on the ground and actually see what is going on in society can beg to differ in regards to U.S. policy. At the end of the day vista its the police organization that must adapt and be mindful of every changing policies and procedures set in place by politicians. Throughout this story the writer briefly covered the history of policing. We looked at some of the influences that started and paved the path for police organizations today. The impact Sir Robert Peel played. The role between the U.S. government and police organizations. Lastly how these roles may impact each other. The police at the city level are just one small element of vast protective cover forces in the United States. Briefly looking at the just the roles the police play in the United States and not the various police forces and practices throughout the world. after(prenominal) the events of September, 11 the U.S. has sense stood up many various forms of Homeland Security and police type forces to help protect the United States.References1. The Role and Responsibilities of the Police, 2009 2. The Invention of Peels Principles A study of policing textbook, 2006Week 1 Individual writing 1Content and Organization70 part Percent take in 7/7 CommentsAll key elements of the assignment are covered in a substantive way. * Paper is 700- 1050 words in length. * Paper defines issues that show the authors understanding of the concepts. * Paper follows the theme of thetopic of the perception of Organized Crime. Minimum word count is met the papers word total is 687 words.Your paper defines the theatrical role made by the people before an established law enforcement body and the contributions by Sir Robert Peel. Authors current position and recommendations are described in d etail.Points are supported with referenced citations. Your paper pointed out the importance of the main ideas and the key points that were established. You went down the line and answered each element. The content is comprehensive, accurate, and/or persuasive. The paper develops a central theme or idea, directed toward the appropriate audience. The paper links theory to relevant examples of Organized Crime and the vocabulary of the issue correctly. Major points are stated clearly are supported by specific details, examples, or analysis and are organized logically. Target points to be discussed. * Describe the impact of Sir Robert Peel on American policing. * Analyze the relationship between the U.S. government and the policing organizations throughout the United States. * Explain how this relationship may affect police practices. Organization / training15 Percent Percent Earned 1.5/1.5 Comments Paragraph transitions are present and logical and watch the flow throughout th e paper. You have a clear introduction, body, and ending present.Overall, paper is clear and easy to follow. The tone of the essay is appropriate for formal academic writing.Introduction establishes authors position and introduces issues that are important and need to be planned for in a critical incident. The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment. Sentences are complete, clear, and concise. Sentences are well-constructed, with consistently strong, varied sentences. Sentence transitions are present and maintain the flow of thought. The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major points. The conclusion is logical, flows from the body of the paper, and reviews the major points. Mechanics15 Percent Percent Earned .9/1.5 Comments The paper, including the title page, reference page, tables, and appendices,follow APA guidelines for format. Your Title Page meets the APA requirements.Citations did not meet APA format. (-.3) No gramm ar errors. Your reference page was not in APA format. (-.3) No spelling errors. Citations of lord works within the body of the paper follow APA guidelines. The paper is laid out with effective use of headings, font styles, and white space. Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed. recite is correct. Total 94 Percent Points Earned 9.4/10 Comments

Rational Choice Theory Essay

Man is a logical animal who always loses his temper when he is called upon to exertion in accordance with the dictates of reason. As seen from Oscar Wildes famous quote, tenableness is superstar of the near crucial and controversial subjects in watching gentlemans gentleman behavior. To study and examine this lucidity, numerous scholars have tried to establish their own theories and generalize their explanation with empirical evidences from current world, which ultimately produces so called, the supposition of cerebral natural selection. rational number Choice Theory is an approach to understand human behavior.The approach has long been the dominant paradigm in economic science, but in recent several(prenominal) decades it has manufacture to a greater extent widely mappingd in other fileds such as Sociology, governmental Science, and Anthropology. The main inject of this paper is to provide an overview of rational pickaxe speculation and briefly discuss its sa nctioned boldnesss, inspections, governmental implication, and election explanations of individual select instrument. First of all, historical backgrounds of rational choice theory and its transition from the field of political economy to that of Political Science will be elaborated.Next, various definitions and meanings of the rational choice will be discussed. The basic assumptions of the rational choice approach with political implication will be followed. Several issues raised by rational choice theory will be followed after this countersign. This paper will suggest more of the main criticisms that have been levied against the rational choice approach. Limited empirical hardiness of rational choice theory and methodological individualism, which reveals innate problematic nature of the theory, will be discussed.Finally, alternative explanations of individual choice mechanism will sum up this discussion. Before elaborating its a priori discussion, it is undeniable to d iscuss historical backgrounds of rational choice theory. In the article, A Genealogy of thinking(prenominal) Choice Rationalism, Elitism, and Democracy, Maloy introduces Skinners abstract of behaviorism as fundamental background for the discussion of rational choice theory. He argues that, Skinners outline deserves the attention of the recent regards around rational choice e private road it calls attention to the ineluctable ideological features of methodological debate (Maloy 751). fit in to Maloy, Skinner could clarify the sorts of normative force which attach to empirical theories in kindly sciences by a close textual analysis of round leading contributions to the behaviorist debate, which ultimately enables the discussion of rational choice to be thated applied into contrasting field of study (Maloy 751). Milton Freidman is another crucial examine that provides profound theoretical base for discussing rational choice theory.In The Methodology of Positive economic scie nce, Friedman argues that batch and firms make decisions that move maximize their profit under perfect information. He defended rational choice impersonate by tilt that, a theory should be judged by its predictive accuracy, not the realism of its assumptions (Friedman 10). His end provides theoretical foundations of rational choice theory in economic science, even though it is often criticized by afterward scholars because of its weak empirical validity and ceteris paribus nature.While rational choice theory has been dominant paradigm in Economics, it has become adapted and adjusted in a number of ways to fit different field of study such as Political Science Maloy explains that the distinctiveness of the rational choice approach among political scientists consists, in general terms, in the use of economic mildews to explain and predict political behavior (Maloy 753). Maloy points push through deuce-ace prominent figures, Arrow, Downs, and Olson as rational choice founder s peculiarly in the field of political science.According to Maloy, Arrows work focuses on so called, bodied rationality whose underlying purpose is to circular collective choices using standards normally applied to individual choices (Maloy 753). Down uses Arrows collective rationality as the starting point of his study and aims to articulate a behavior rule for participatory governments so that they could be included in economic theories of general equilibrium, alongside non-state factors like private firms and consumers (Maloy 754).Finally, Olsons analysis has taken the key elements of Arrows and Downs constructs and applied them to a narrower field He argues that as long as the service provided by a voluntary association is a human beings good on which an individual can ride-free, on that point is no incentive actually to take on the costs associated with joining, membership and participation, unless the marginal contribution of that individual appreciably advances the org anizational cause (Maloy 754).All three choice founders works have enabled rational choice theory to be in the central place of political discussion in the creative and cross-disciplinary ways (Maloy 755). By arguing that choose results have no specific social meaning, right to vote has no individual efficacy, and participation in interest group exercise has no special individual efficacy, these rational choice founders could criticize unrealistic and irrational assumptions and norms of traditional democratic system and bring rational choice model to the place of political discussion from the field of Economics (Maloy 755).Rational Choice Theory generally starts with consideration of the choice behavior of individual decision-making units, which in economics atomic number 18 often consumers and firms. The theory suggests that the individual decision-making unit is certain larger group such as buyers or sellers in a particular market. Once individual behavior is set up, the anal ysis generally moves on to examine how individual choices interact to produce outcomes. Then, what does it mean by arguing that a choice is rational?In rational choice theory it means that an agents choices reflect the most(prenominal) preferred likely alternative among given opportunities. In other words, choices must reflect service maximization. Elinor Ostrom defines rational choice theory as a guide to understand humans as self-interested, short-term maximizers in his work, A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action (Ostrom 2). In the article, The Political Psychology of Rational Choice Theory, William H.Riker also suggests that the rational choice model begins with the assumption that actors see what they want and can order their wants transitively (Riker 25). Transitively here means that an agent of rational choice model can do so called, a transitive ordering To know what one wants requires one to choose the best from among several goals and, failing to attain it, to choose the second best, etc (Riker 24). This formulation of ordering enables an agent to pursue the best option with given constraints that limit choices he or she can have.In their work, Rational Choice Theory, Coleman and Fararo define rational choice sociologically as they use the term, models of purposive activeness, rather than rational choice These models rest on the assumption that actors argon purposive which means they act in ways that pass to produce beneficial results (Coleman and Fararo 21). These several definitions point out that choices pursuing utility maximization and outcomes made by these choices are key elements in rational choice theory.Then how is different when rational choice theory is applied into the field of Political Science instead of other fields of study such as Economics and Sociology? According to Riker, Economists main concern for rational choice is the wait on and outcomes produced by voluntary exchange, where of course, all participants advance. On the other hand, Politics mainly concerns processes and outcomes produced by group decisions which are practically binding on those who cannot resign from the group. Thus, there can be losers and winners in politics accord to Rikers argument (Riker 24).Although Rational choice theory has long been the dominant paradigm in Economics and other fields of study, it has been subject to vigorous criticism. In Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory, Don leafy vegetable and Ian Shapiro raises several empirical problems that rational choice theory possess they conclude that a number of methodological deficiencies plague empirical applications of rational choice models. They argue that, fundamental and recurrent methodological failings rooted in the universalist aspirations that motivate so much rational choice theorizing (Freidman 59).According to Green and Shapiro, these mistakes stem from a method-driven rather than a problem-driven approach to research, in w hich practitioners are more eager to vindicate one or another universalist model than to understand and explain actual political outcomes (Friedman 59). Green and Shapiros argument can be summarized into three propositions there is a list of methodological characteristics that are undesirable in an empirical science and are thus to be avoided. Empirical applications of rational choice theory are more likely to commit these mistakes than other types of empirical analysis in political science.These pathologies are not due to and historical coincidence, but are rooted in fundamental characteristics of rational choice theory, in particular its universalist aspirations and the lack of specificity in the rational actor assumption (Freidman 60). These propositions suggest that rational choice theory has its empirical limit for testing and predicting actual political outcomes. In detail, Green and Shapiro point out several problems of rational choice theory that possibly undermines the em pirical validity of the theory itself.Post hoc theory culture known to statisticians as curve fitting is one of these problems that rational choice theory contains. Green and Shapiro press that rather than formulating bold predictions that are falsifiable by empirical evidence, rational choice theorist tend first to look at the empirical evidence, thus design a rational choice model that fits it (Friedman 5). Another problem raised by Green and Shapiro is rational choice theorists operatement in capricious domain restriction (Friedman 5). As discussed earlier, certain restrictions or constraints enable a transitive ordering in rational choice theory.Green and Shapiro argue that these constraints and restrictions are defined in ambiguous ways in rational choice model, which ultimately makes the empirical validity of the theory weakened. Green and Shapiros examination of the phenomenon of right to vote behavior is another major example that shows these problems rational choice t heory innately possesses. In a real-world election with a large electorate, it is instrumentally irrational for anyone to case a voting, since no hotshot vote has more than an infinitesimal chance of deciding the outcome.Whether one favors selfish or selfless ends, virtually any legitimate follow up in pursuit of those ends would be more effective than the time spent on voting and on educating oneself about candidates and issues. Yet hundreds of millions of people do vote. For rational choice theory, this would appear to be a gigantic anomaly (Friedman 6) As noted earlier, rational choice theory presumes that an agent of the model seeks best possible outcomes to maximize his or her utility in given constraints.However, according to Green and Shapiro, in a real-world voting behavior does not confirm this assumption of rational choice theory where voters cast a ballot without having enough time to assess or predict its possible outcome and realizing whether his or her action of v oting maximize benefit or not. Another issue raised by Green and Shapiro is free equitation problem While voters can easily pursue a free riding action on the efforts of others to help the cause succeed, there is no need for people to devote resources of time and money to cause desired results.In other words, rational choice theory would seem to be refuted not scarcely by people who vote, but by those who contribute small amounts of money to political campaigns, attend rallies, and engage in other forms of collective action designed to secure goals whose achievement is independent of the efforts of any single participant (Friedman 7). As seen from Green and Shapiros founding, most criticisms of rational choice theory seem to be that the assumptions of the theory are not literally and completely true.No model can pass such a test, as all theories abstract from reality in certain way. Determining the empirical validity of a model would therefore seem to involve an examination of both feasibility of assumptions and conformity with real-world data. The most basic assumption of rational choice theory is that the primary unit of analysis is the individual decision-maker. Those who think that groups are fundamental have criticized this assumption. This issue of so called, methodological individualism are dealt in umteen contexts in the social sciences.In the book, Rational Choice Theory Advocacy and Critique, Coleman and Fararo argues that models of purposive action or rational choice model can be useful in explaining and predicting human behavior. They further their argument by saying that because the values and beliefs of individuals are shaped primarily by the socializing solves of society, especially as mediated through social relationships with significant other, an understanding of the culture and structure of societies and of the positions of individuals within them is unavoidable (Coleman and Fararo 22).According to Coleman and Fararo, major problem for applying rational choice model particularly into Economics and Political Science, in which the primary interest has been in aggregate level outcomes, is that the postulate of purposive action has been linked to compulsive and narrow assumptions about what individuals value and believe (Coleman Fararo 33).Also the assumption that human behavior is narrowly self-interested and the use of the term rationality to refer to the efficient pursuit of economic benefits has often produced incorrect assumption that rational choice model are innately egoistic that they regard individuals as calculating the expected benefit to themselves of alternative lines of action and acting accordingly (Coleman and Fararo 34).Recent empirical evidences suggest that human beings are commensurate of acting in ways for the interests of others or the social group above their self-interest, which implies that the assumption of individuals pursuit of self-interest does not match with reality. Coleman and Fararo further their discussion of this methodological individualism by arguing that a social norm can be one primary example, which refutes the basic assumption of rational choice model.According to Coleman and Fararo, When a social norm is know to have been violated, some type of formal or informal sanction will result (Coleman Fararo 35). Formal sanction like a legal code or a set of rules and informal sanction like a disapproval or social ostracism would affect individuals choice making process. Therefore, unlike the basic assumption of rational choice model suggests that human behavior is oriented from self-interest, by the effect of social norms and values, individuals can consequently act in altruistic or selfless way for pursuing the interests of groups they are voluminous in.Because of its limit and problematic nature of rational choice theory, the need for alternative explanation has become necessary for many scholars who criticize the theory. Dennis Chong provides some insigh ts for the possible alternative of rational choice theory in his article, Rational Choice Theorys Mysterious Rivals. According to Chong, even though Green and Shapiros critique against rational choice theory has failed to provide complete form of alternative explanation, there are some theoretical debates and discussions that suggest possible theoretical replacement or revision.Chong argues that, Green and Shapiro occasionally allude to the influence of social-psychological and moral factors such as group loyalties, emotions, political identities, ideology, obligation, and altruism (Friedman 47). As found in Coleman and Fararos arguments that institutional or social factors can affect individuals choice making process, many scholars further their discussion of this social motivation as the alternative of rational choice theory.In his article, When grounds Fails, Michael Taylor argues that social recognition and inherent motivation can explain some of significant social phenomenon and collective action that has been ignored by rational choice theory If a person defines herself as a member of a group, or if her membership in a group is made cognitively salient, then she is more likely to observe the groups norms and cooperate with group members in social dilemmas (Friedman 230).For intrinsic motivation, Taylor explains that there are some activities that are intrinsically motivating people to be participated such as interesting work, volunteering, and political activities. In this case the activity itself or enjoyment of that activity is the reward for people. When adscititious rewards like money are introduced, intrinsic motivation would diminish (Friedman 231). By suggesting the concept of social identification and intrinsic motivation, problems of rational choice model for explaining some collective action can be resolved.In this paper, a sense of how rational choice theory works and of its methodological foundations has been introduced. It has also been noticed that rational choice theory is not an ultimate answer. The theory is subject to a number of criticisms, but there is no doubt that its influence in various fields of study have brought tremendous amounts of theoretical debates, and increased the depth of economic, sociological, and political discussions.It is impossible to attain complete knowledge about anything, especially social phenomena. However, it is certain that rational choice approach is one of most crucial theoretical resources for human beings to look and examine to gain this ultimate answer. It can be useful or misleading, depending on how it is treated. It is responsibility of rest and future scholars and people to correctly apply and use this theory with open-minded attitude.

The Spaces and Practice of Early Christian Assembly

The most public of spiritual forums in the popish imperium were big jubilations and festivals held in the public temples. Worshippers believed that propinquity to the Godhead within a temple that is, the comparative blank space between oneself and the image or venerated artefact of the Godhead housed within the edifice imbued the person with power ( Halgren, 1957 ) , the ambient 1 could near the God, they believed, the stronger and more auspicious the connection. , accessing infinite nearest the manifestation of the God was restricted to nevertheless a few persons, priests who had been decently educated and initiated in the significances and patterns are each(prenominal)owed by tradition in such a holy topographic point, Access to the temple was besides decreed by tradition and near regulated by jurisprudence.The longitudinal axis of the Judaic temple, for case, ran through a series of dividers and other limits that designated infinites reticent for specific groupsat the o uter border of the infinite, Gentiles were allowed so, closer in, Judaic adult females and kids closer still, Judaic recreate forces and eventually, the priests ( Richardson, 2002 ) .Religious pattern at this period was non restricted to temples, nevertheless. Smaller meetings frequently took topographic point in sanctuaries and chapels, every bit good as in rented suites. For illustration, at the same clip that the followings of Jesus began attack together, the believers of the God Mithras were besides increasing in figure and by the 3rd century were run intoing takes topographic point in little sanctuaries called mithraeums, suites designed to presume a cave or the underworld. In these bit infinites, benches lined the two long debates and a little shrine or communion table was staged at the terminal of the room.The ceilings were normally vaulted and decorated with stars to stand for the celestial spheres, In this confidant scene, initiated believers inscribe the same infin ite as the shrine and participated in communalWorship ( white, 1990 ) . Similarly, by the second century, Jews had an arranged temples and supplication halls in once private houses converted for the intent. One crude illustration, at Delos, had been created through the devastation of a wall that exist two next suites, ensuing in a individual big room. Benches linedthe walls of this assembly room, and a carven marble chair busying onewall provided a focal point. No Torah shrine was effect in this room, although Torah niches have been arrange in other early on temples, including that at Priene, where another house renovated one-time(prenominal) in the 2nd century was make up ( White,199049 ) . Within these infinites, worship patterns were diverse, dwelling of a variety of supplications and Holy Eucharists. As members of the Roman Empire began to follow the Jesus spiritual group, they adapted these familiar patterns and infinites for their invigorated intents, inculcating them w ith new significances.The held meetings of the followings of Christ in the first few coevalss after his decease were of three major types, all versions of the patterns of other spiritual groups, peculiarly those of the Jews, for so the followings were Judaic, every bit good as other Roman and Greek faiths. Most of these meetingsInvolved a shared repast, existent or exemplary, for in the Greco-Roman universe, outfit cordial reception by sharing a repast was a cardinal signifier of societal interactThese communal repasts brought Christians together to larn round their religion, to idolize, and to portion experiences, further they besides functioned to make coherence within the new community of Christians . ( Jeanne, 200816 ) ,Harmonizing to L. Michael White points out that, communal repasts formed the centre of family( koinonia ) by bespeaking that a societal relationship existed among those gathered and therefore served to specify the worshipping community, the church ( ekklesia ) in family assembly. ( White, 1990 ) . Among these meeting types, the agape repast, or love banquet, was most of import, and although it drew upon Greco-Roman pattern in more ways, it subtitute the imbibing and carousing that traditionally followed Roman banquets with instruction and worship. Those who gathered at a Christian repast would convey some nourishing point with them as an offering for the repast normally bread, wine, or angle merely as many people do today in what is normally known as the potluck supper.Harmonizing to Osiek et EL Balch, eating besides rapidly upon reaching, nevertheless, would ensue in deficient nutrient for those who arrived subsequently, and therefore Paul adviced the Corinthians that when you come together to eat, contain for one another, promoting those who could non wait to eat to make so at place before they came ( 1 Cor. 113334 ) . Such advice, which counters common Roman pattern, indicates that the emerging Christian pattern was still rela tively flexible and informal, with new etiquette or regulations easy being introduced into the meetings.After the repast, those gathered would portion a ceremony breakage and feeding of staff of life, followed by a approval and sharing of a cup of wine-coloured, crisscross Jesus pronouncement for his recollection at the Last Supper . ( Macy, 2005 ) After this, they would prosecute in a assortment of larning and worship activities, which, harmonizing to historiographers Carolyn Osiek and David L. Balch, included singing, instruction, and prophesying .The 3rd type of assemblage was the Eucharistic meeting, wer they shared Meal, this was transformed into a symbolic rite focused entirely on staff of life and vino as figure of speechs for the class and blood of Christ.The development of the agape and funerary repasts, thath did include a sharing of staff of life and vino in recollection of Christ, most have preceded the outgrowth of Eucharistic patterns, merely when and how the stri ctly Eucharistic assemblage emerged is ill-defined. Like the agape repasts, these Eucharist repasts took topographic point in private places, but over the 2nd and 3rd centuries important alterations in services indicate they were going progressively formalized both in leading and in activities. Justin, in the 2nd century, refers to the individual taking the service as the presider or the president, but by the 3rd century, the organisational Structures of the Christian motion developed into an episcopos, a Grecian term intending overseer or, in modern idiom, a bishop the term priest besides became popular. The service itself was altering every bit good, depict by Justin and his modern-day Ignatius, the bishop of Antioch, as symbolic or representational, a jubilation of Christs throw overboard of his ain flesh and blood. ( Macy, 2005 ) By the 3rd century, the turning popularity of these representational services would necessitate a contingent infinite that would suit them, taking to the creative activity of formal assembly suites. ( Mercer, 1985 )The 4th type of early Christian meeting took topographic point out of doors, such as the meeting of the followings of Jesus on the Mount of Olives shortly after his decease, a narrative related in The Letter of Peter to Philip, which was found among other Gnostic texts at Nag Hammadi in Upper Egypt. ( Elaine Pagels, 1989 ) Little is known, nevertheless, about such outside meetings, in portion because they seem to hold been used with child(p)ly by Gnostic groups, whose beliefs and patterns challenged those of the emerging orthodoxy and were thence stricken from Orthodox civilization and paperss. Outdoor worship therefore became associated with dissident groups and fell out of favour.What moldiness be kept in head, nevertheless, is that despite the differences among these early types of worship, early Christian worship infinites and patterns were extremely diverse. No individual, original, pure Christian pattern of all time existed. ( Bradshaw, 199230 ) From the earliest period, Christian groups expressed their thoughts about Jesus and God in different ways, and those thoughts, runing from the eventual orthodoxy of the major episcopates in Rome, Antioch, and Carthage to the Gnostic positions of the Marcionites, Donatists, and Montanists, were extremely diverse. beforehand(predicate) Christians expressed their spiritual thoughts through a assortment of spiritual patterns ways, merely as modern-day Christians do.2.1.2The infinites and rehearse of Early Christian assemblyMost Biblical bookmans, archeologists and classicists, agree that the meeting of Christians, like those of other spiritual groups, by and large occur topographic point in the places of frequenters, that is, in Greco-Roman houses. The phrase meeting from house to house, found repeatedly in the Gospel texts, good characterized thepractice of early Christians. The physical worlds of those infinites, and the places in peculiar, a long with the cultural imposts of the period, strongly influenced emerging Christian pattern. To understand how, it helps to hold some cognition of the physical features of those placesArchitectural and textual rationality of Greco-Roman houses in the first and 2nd centuries point out that several assortments existed. Give the long, hot summers of the Mediterranean part, the houses of the wealthiest place proprietors were used as worship infinites opening into a series of suites arranged around an oasis-like unshackled infinite that brought air and visible radiation into the house. Entry into the house was gained through a anteroom or hallway. Within a Grecian house, this led to a room in which the family frequenter conducted concern, and beyond this was the teat of the house the courtroom, which was roofless but lined by columns that supported an overhead fretwork that would be cover with flora to protect the residents from the Sun. In a Roman or Latin house, the anteroom off the passageway by and large led right into an atrium, or unfastened courtyard, which would be unfastened to the sky and consist an impluvium a shallow pool that gathered rainwater ( fig. 2.1 ) . ( Osiek et el Balch, 19976 ) the private infinites of the place surrounds the courtyard and several closed suites reserved for the members of the family.The cardinal parts of antediluvian housesthe anterooms, atria, were considered much more public in character. Such houses, peculiarly those in which the concern of the wealthy was routinely carried out, welcomed the entry of people from the street. ( Halgren,195719 ) .

The Idea of Order at Key West

The Idea of Order at rudimentary wolfram Wallace Stevens, a imaginative poet, created a wonderful world of desire in the poem The Idea of Order at report western United States. Line after line, new perspectives and curious thoughts popped into my head. Stevens creates the desire to want to decipher his puzzle of a poem. Stevens is a poet of many themes and perspectives, which led me to understand why I was coming up with so many contrary meanings behind this poem. In this particular poem, depict West being the m drop, Stevens writes down the keys to the mystery, only to be unsecured if you dig deep into his poem.However, once unlocked, understanding the passion and mystery with each written word is a whole other activity. The talker system opens up the poem stating that She interpret beyond the genius of the sea. Automatically, I am hit with a vision of a women standing on the shore, running away from the water as is grew closer to her toes, laughter being the poem the se a couldnt amount to. The verbaliser therefore goes on to say that she was not mind nor voice. Nonexistent? No. This presence was very much alive in the sense of motion. The vocalizer, draw in by its empty mimic motion, somehow understands the ovement. Emphasis on there being no physical form, further a being none the less. This possibly gives the talker a sense of comfort. Being surrounded by a presence the loud vocalizer knew, save had a great desire to know more almost it. In re suit, the loud loudspeaker system system and company have empathy, evermore hearing a cry. The focus on a feminine bit was very obvious to me in the beginning of this poem. However, as the poem carries along, I am torn between what I think and what Stevens meant it to be. continue along, the presence be contends more mysterious. An open book for she was not a mask no more than was the sea.Water, for the more or less part, is a transp arnt substance. It makes sense that the speaker would use th is metaphor, being in Key West where the water is crystal. The speaker makes it apparent that the sound is not that of the sea, but of the presence, The mental strain and water were not medleyed sound. The speaker starts to clearly separate the presence from the surroundings of Key West. On the other hand, using the surroundings, the speaker defines the presence. Up to this point in the poem, I was sure that the feminine figure he so carefully depict was a recognise of his. A women he longed for, but couldnt have.Once I read she was the maker of the song she sang, I changed my mind about who the muse was. It made sense that now, the feminine figure could possibly be a depiction of Mother Nature. A women who controlled the motion of the waves but herself had no motion. She was the cry they knew but was not of there own. The song was not the water, it was the wind as it crashed itself against the water, always pushing against that barrier. Every and all facial gesture led to this idea that the love was not a love of a woman, but a love for the nature of women itself. The presence, something much larger than im, controlling all of the wonderful things he so desired and mat up for. I was so sure about this notion, because I felt reassured by a verse. When the speaker said it was she and not the sea we heard I knew I had come across it all. Despite my reassurance, I instantly withdrew that notion when I came upon this verse, repeated in a summer without end. If the womanly figure was Mother Nature, then seasons would not be an issue. I was then left to recollect my thoughts. Sound, one of our atomic number 23 sense that allows us to soak up the chirping of the birds, crashing of the waves, and the beating of hearts.It seems to be the main drive of the speaker. Everything that the speaker explains comes from the song of Key West, the sound of Key West. Not knowing where it is from or what it is, the speaker so infatuatedly talks about a song and cry. I find i t really ironic that the speaker creates a sense with the use of a sense. As you read you are painted a picture with the desire to listen to this song as healthful as ponder about the origin. The song, I believe, creates the desire to be at Key West and gives it life. To the speaker, the song becomes a song of tranquility amongst chaos, it calms him.The idea of order comes from the sounds that create the song of Key West. Once the song has stopped, the life it sang about trudges on. There is a kind of emptiness to the song, but it moves eitherone who listens to it. It creates a connection with the listeners as intimately as brings their love of Key West to life And when she sang whatever self it had, became the self. This tune could be of their own life or the reason they come to Key West. It definitely paints the picture allone goes there for. deplorably, when the song is over, it seems as if the love for the West isnt as strong.When the speaker turns away, the song no longer is a beautiful melody of the ocean, but a cry. The cry, a invariant longing of Key West to have sojournors and of the speaker to return again. Only during the summer does the speaker visit the Keys. Since he is only able to visit once every course of study, the need to visit as well as the Keys need for visitors builds up. Both with the longing to reunite, the cry is heard. There is a strong connection with the speaker and Key West. The speaker carefully describes the beauty of the beach as if it were a women. Every hour dog-tired at the beach is precious. As the sun egins to set, the speaker gets an unsettling feeling. Even though he comes patronize every summer, it is painful for him to leave such a hypnotizing place. As the day comes to an end, the song seems as if it becomes slower. Creating everything that Key West is, as the song comes to an end, so does its surroundings. Fishing boats go patronage out to sea, the light begin to turn on, and the speaker has to tear himsel f away from his love. Time is of the essence and in no sense wasted when the speaker visits Key West. She measured it to the hour, the song is perfectly measured out between sunrise and unset. This then makes it easier for the speaker to leave the beach, allowing him to go about his daily life. Then there is the mention of another man, Ramon Fernandez. The speaker looks up to him, asking if he knew why the melody was ending. I full came to the conclusion that Ramon was nothing but a man who was along for the ride. The speaker probably just asked him if he was interested in sightedness Key West. Ramon has no deep connection with the coast unlike his chaotic friend. Although, he seems as if he is good company. He provides the speaker a chance to express his displacement with the song nding as well as the day coming to an end. Key West as a whole can be see as something desired. Expressed like a love for a women, the beaches of Key West provides the speaker with a peaceful place. He longs for the passion, comfort, and peace that the coast grants him. The possibility arises that the speaker was never able to actually express his love until arriving at the coast. There is no sure reason that the speaker feels such a deep connection with Florida. Maybe he lived there as a child, hearing the sounds of the ocean, wind, and creatures daily. Then when he would come back summer after summer, the sounds and sights hanged much like he did with each passing day. The speaker is constantly waiver back to a later time when things were as they picture them as a child. The song could represent the passing of time, as the day ended, he came to the realization that the beach was not what it utilise to be. The beach lifestyle being calm and easygoing, allowed the speaker to feel at peace. So then when the speaker left this lifestyle behind for another one, he realized the chaos was too much for him to handle. Sadly he was not able to return for whatever reason, except once a year, every year when the weather was at its hottest.A possibility could be that there was a job, family, and or life experience that was occupational group his name. Something of a forceful nature that caused him to leave. In his absence, the coast cried out for him, desperately trying to bring him back to peace. He did not know the cry was for him at the time, but once he came back, it became real. His love for Key West, for his old life was no longer in his grasp. The speaker could no longer turn back time and enjoy all those years he had flash before his eyes. Another interpretation could be that the need to be that Key West represents some sort of psychical or emotional need.Something that cannot be fulfilled by every day life. Key West is a tropical place, there are always exciting, fun, and new things to try. It is a freeing place where anything and everything is accepted. It is easy to find yourself in a companionable acceptable setting. Depending on the person, different s ettings can be more opening to others. For example, many people go to New York because they are widely accepted. All in all, Wallace Stevens wrote a cavern of a poem. Always going in deeper, seeing new perspectives, and discovering something new. The Idea of Order at Key West could be interpreted into ust about anything for anyone. Stevens so delicately thought out every single detail, making it such a beautiful read. Carefully unwrapping each sentence, I find myself longing to know more. In the end, what Stevens really treasured was an admirer. Someone who craved the words written by him. An adorer who would stop for nothing to know what his near thought would be. What creator doesnt want someone to admire their work ? Creating a vivid picture with every word, Stevens captured the essence of the thirst for love and desire. The Idea of Order at Key West was only just the foot in the door of this new way of writing.

Hospitality Human Resources Management Essay

In cheeks today, the scope of gentleman resource cargon is vast but in that location argon ternion main functions that benevolent resource perplexity is comprised of strategies, plans, exercises, processes and policies attract, manage, develop and reward and contributing to the over totally capital punishment of the transcription. Throughout this writings review the disparate show upes that various authors take when outlining the what activities, tasks and functions contribute to the spot of an gentlemanity resources precedeor in fundamental laws will be discussed as well as the features that ar unique to the assiduity and make a motion the role of forgiving resources manager in hospitality. I will also make an executive vestige as to which gay resource barbel I feel is the near countenance for boldnesss in the hospitality industry from the readings used in this literature review. The main sources that will be referenced in this literature review include Rudman (2010), Armstrong (2006), Baum (2007) and Filte Ireland (2005). military man resource circumspection is an important role within compositions and businesses which focuses nearly on both the recruitment and the overall direction of employees within organisations and businesses. It is a strategic approach when it comes to managing multitude in the unravel place and works to create, as well as reinforce, a work surroundings that is validating for organisations employees. (Heathfield, 2013). When recruiting juvenile employees, the tender-hearted resource managers of organisations look for lavatorydi involutions who atomic number 18 highly experienced in the organisations field, suffer a wide variety of skills that can be applied within the organisation, and redeem a positive works attitude and good work ethics which they will apply to the organisation or business. gentleman resources centering is the control of an organisations employees match to Rouse (2011) an organisations charitable resources steering department is in charge of creating, implementing and overseeing all policies that be to do with the behaviour of the organisations employees as well as the organisations behaviour towards the employees.Human resources management can be defined in many different ways and everyonehas a different view on what homo resources management is comprised of. It is said that up until the 1980s man resources management was known as personnel management, and fashioning the adjustment from personnel management to compassionate resources management offered organisations a new beginning. It offered organisations new beginnings as humankind resources management, according to Rudman (2010), is based on three key aspects freight and engagement, integration and fit, and flexibility and adaptability. As human resources management can be defined in various ways it is app arnt that authors will have different views on what human resources management is as well as what the tasks and activities atomic number 18 that make up the role of a human resources manager in organisations.The roles and functions of a human resources manager atomic number 18 viewed differently by organisations but all organisations do have a human resources function whether they openly recognise it or not. Human resources management uses a human resources system as a nub to operate. This human resources systems amalgamates the philosophies, strategies, policies, processes, practices and programmes of human resources management. (Armstrong, 2006). Armstrongs (2006) human resources management activities warning, which was based on Becker and Geharts (1996) human resources management sit around, views the role of the human resources manager in organisations to comprise of ten key components. The ten key components of Armstrongs (2006) human resources management activities model include organisation, an employment relationship, resourcing, deed management , the schooling of human resources, reward management, employee relations, health and safety, welfare gain as well as employment and human resource services.These ten, supposed, key components of the human resources management activities model can also be matched to a human resources model Armstrong (2006) claims. This human resources model shows that human resources and the building that an organisation is built on should be managed in a way that harmonises them strategically. It is also said that there is a human resources cycle which is made up of four functions that are generically performed in all organisations. These functions include selection, appraisal, rewards and development according to Armstrong (2006) who believes that the human resources cycle starts with selection, then goes on to appraisal or surgical process management which it is also known as before splitting off into two sections, rewards and development, before last the cycle with surgical operation. Thi s model and matching human resources cycle explain human resources management in a way that emerges to cover every aspect of it simply and effectively.Where Armstrongs (2006) human resources management model negotiation about there be ten key components of human resources management and are simple, Rudman (2010) goes into more full point when defining the scope of human resources management. Rudman (2010) said that the scope of human resources management is influenced by how big, or small, an organisation is along with different characteristics and it covers everything an organisation does to attract, manage, develop and reward (p. 8) employees who help the organisation achieve its goals. This scope of human resources management means that Rudman (2010) see the role of a human resources manager as consisting of activities, but he also talks about there macrocosm five main elements when it comes to human resources management. The five elements that Rudman (2010) suggests are the core elements that make up human resources management are staffing the organisation, managing citizenry and transaction, developing people and performance, recognize people and performance, and managing employment relations.Staffing the organisation works towards attracting and acquiring any of the human resources that an organisation fall outs in order to achieve the organisations goals while managing employment relations aims to balance both the interests of the employers and their employees so that the organisation can work to achieve their goals. When an organisation manages people and performance it encourages their employees contribution and commitment to both the organisation and the organisations overall performance while developing people and performance ensures that the organisations employees have the necessary skills, knowledge and competencies that are required for the present performance and early performance of the organisation. When organisations reward people and performance it influences the behaviour and performance of the organisations employees by encouraging them with future contributions as well as recognising their past achievements. These five core elements make up what Rudman (2010) believes to be the scope of human resourcesmanagement.While Rudman (2010) suggests that there are five elements that make up the scope of human resources management, and Armstrong (2006) claims that there are ten key components that comprise to make up his human resources management activities model which has a complementary matching human resources management model there are many other perspectives when it comes to discussing what makes up the role of a human resources manager. Another perspective is that of Baum (2007) who suggests that there are eight aspects that coalesce together to make up what the role of a human resources manager involves. Baums (2007) views on what human resources management is good practice is adapted from Filte Ireland (2005) model of what good practice in human resources management is.The eight aspects that Baum (2007) and Filte Ireland (2005) suggest are activities that contribute to what a human resources managers role is are flexibility, participation, performance management, recognition, reward, communication, learning and development, and empowerment. A human resources manager call for to be flexible according to Baum (2007) because they need to ensure that the organisation can match their demands with the availability of their staff whilst recognising the employees work-life balance also needs to be managed. Performance management is an important aspect of a human resources managers role according to Baum (2007) as carrying out regular staff performance reviews within organisations will ensure that both individual performance and team performance is being delivered to the standard of the organisation leads to rewards and recognition, two aspects that Baum suggests are important.Ensuring th at employees good efforts are recognised within their peer group and are celebrated will ensure that employees continue working to the same standard so that they can gain either monetary or non-monetary rewards. Learning and development is also important when it comes to the role of a human resources manager as having access to both on-the-spot(prenominal) and off-site courses and learning opportunities for employees ensures that employees work is up to standard and they are up to date and speed with what they are required to do for the organisation to achieve their goals.Developing, managing and rewarding people and performance appear to becommon, and important, functions of what a human resources manager role consists of according to Baum (2007), Filte Ireland (2005), Rudman (2010) and Armstrong (2006) human resources management activities models. The three models that have been discussed all have similar functions but Armstrongs (2006) seems to cover every aspect of what I think human resources management entails in a more in-depth way compared to how Rudman (2006) explains it. However, each model is proper(postnominal) and suggest what they see as the most important functions of human resources management and activities of a human resources manager.In the hospitality industry human resources management departments are often considered, and talked about being, a follow shopping center. A cost center is a function in an organisation that does not produce any direct profit but adds to the overall cost of running an organisation. Human resources management is considered a cost center in the hospitality industry as measuring the resolutions of human resources management efforts is not always straighten to see and the same goes for the results of managing employees. Many hospitality organisations face challenges including the business environment always changing rapidly, change magnitude competition and changing customer demands but the changing technolo gies of today are making it easier for organisations to share information and replicate competing organisations work practices and strategies. (Cho, Woods, Jang & Erdem, 2006).Cho et al (2006) found that human resources management issues and challenges are becoming increasingly important to an organisations performance where as Becker & Gerhart (1996) have argued that decisions regarding human resources management influence the overall performance of an organisation because human resources management aims to better the efficiency of organisations as well as increase the revenue of the organisation.A major issue that human resources managers face in the hospitality industry is employee retention as there is a personnel shortage. There is a diminish in the number of teenagers that are available to work in the hospitality industry as the legal age of them are looking for jobs that allow them to work nine to five, Monday through Friday and have the weekends off. However, in the hospit ality industry this is never the case and, in the vast majorityof cases, employees are required to work over the weekend. Because of this drop in availability of teenagers wanting to work in the hospitality industry, Bonn & Forbringer (1992) suggested that human resources managers are going to have to explore and develop new target markets and methods when it comes to both attracting and retaining employees.According to Davidson & Wang (2011) jobs in the hospitality industry are being characterised by the levels of labour turnover being quite high with a fair center of employees leaving their current hospitality jobs for opportunities in different industries. This high labour turnover means that employees are not happy with the work they are insideng but, in some conditions, it can also indicate that employees cannot reach the unrealistic expectations of the organisation they are working for. However, some other reasons have been known to be the cause of high labour turnover in the hospitality industry and these include there being a lack of future career opportunities the job-scope being dissatisfactory and conflict between management and employees.Human resources managers are required to think of new ideas that will want people to work for their organisation so that there is a low labour turnover. If an organisation has a low labour turnover this means that their employees are satisfied with their jobs, they feel both safe and healthy in their work environment, and their work performance is deemed satisfactory from the employers perspective which is very important. Being able to attract and retain employees in one of the key components that is part of the activities and functions that comprise the role of a human resources manager.There are several different approaches that can be taken when it comes to human resources management these include hard or well-off, ruff practice, best fit and strategic. Two different approaches of human resources management a re hard or soft. These approaches are opposing views on different human natures and control strategies hard human resources management can be viewed as the basic functions whereas soft human resources is the advanced functions of human resources management. Soft human resources management is all about the self direction of individuals and in the center of the approach to managing people is trust, self-regulated behaviour and commitment. With soft human resources management employees are treated asthe most significant resources within an organisation and it focuses on the employees needs, roles, rewards and motivating them. This makes employees the greatest asset within an organisation and they are vital to the succeeder of the organisation.Human resources managers ensure that they select the best candidates, provide them with training and development of a high and appropriate quality and are rewarded in regards to their value to the organisation. Whereas hard human resources manage ment focuses on the strategic objectives of the organisation and human resources is treated like an equal function of production. Hard human resources management aims to minimise the cost of labour and make it flexible and people are often referred to as employees with this particular approach to human resources management as it reinforces that employee relations can be because of franchising, outsourcing or subcontracting.Strategic human resources is an approach that has a goal to use people in the most effective way in regards to the organisations strategic needs. This approach is designed to aid organisations meet their employees needs in the best way possible. It requires human resources managers to not only think and plan ahead different ways for the organisation to meet the needs of their employees but also ways for the employees to meet the needs of the organisation as well. (Becker & Huselid, 2006). Strategic human resources management is having the ability to plan for the e mployees needs as it helps improve and increase the amount of skillful employees whom choose to keep working for an organisation. Becker & Huselid (2006) suggest that improving and increasing this amount will reduce labour turnover costs, and the money that organisations would have to spend on attracting and recruiting new employees.The best practice approach to human resources management is based on there supposedly being a set of human resources management practices that are best suited and that using these practices will lead to the organisations overall performance being superior to their competitions. It aims to develop employees, increase their level of commitment to the organisation, with the intended return to improve the overall performance of organisations and create a competitive advantage that is sustainable. When it comes to thisapproach to human resources management, what whitethorn work for one specific organisation may not necessarily be the best practice for anothe r organisation as it may not fit the style of management, strategy, or working performance of that organisation. (Armstrong, 2006). Whereas the best fit approach to human resources management works on emphasising the significance that ensuring the human resources strategies are appropriate for the organisation. Human resources managers are required to take into account bot the needs of the organisation and its employees. With this approach it is up to the organisation to decide what works best for them and what will fit their operational and strategic requirements according to Armstrong (2006).The most suitable approach to human resources management in the hospitality industry in my opinion, based on the findings of this literature review, is the best practice approach. This is because this approach aims to develop employees, increase their level of commitment to the organisation, and have an outcome that improves the overall performance of the organisation. When working in the hosp itality industry it is important to attract and recruit the people best suited for the organisation and adopting this approach to human resources management it will ensure that the commitment of employees is enhanced and improved which, in turn, improves the overall performance of the organisation. There are a range of human resources practices that are significant to organisations when trying to attract and retain employees who will constantly deliver service of a high quality. These practices include selection and recruitment, teamwork, retention, training and development, appraisals and rewards, and employee relations and they are all important to the human resources management in the hospitality industry.ReferencesArmstrong, M. (2006). A handbook of human resource management practice, 10th ed. capital of the United Kingdom Kogan Page. Baum, T. (2007). Human resources in touristry Still waiting for change. Tourism Management, 28(6), 1383-1399. Retrieved from http//www.sciencedir ect.com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/science/article/pii/S0261517707001033Becker, B & Gerhart, B. (1996). The wedge of human resource management on organisational performance Progress and prospects. Academy of management journal, 39(4), 779-801. Becker, B. E., & Huselid, M. A. (2006). Strategic human resources management Where do we go from here?. Journal of Management, 32(6), 898-925. inside 10.1177/0149206306293668 Bonn, M. A., & Forbringer, L. R. (1992). Reducing turnover in the hospitality industry an overview of recruitment, selection and retention. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 11(1), 47-63. Retrieved from http//www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/science/article/pii/027843199290035TCho, S., Woods, R. H., Jang, S., & Erdem, M. (2006). Measuring the impact of human resource management practices on hospitality firms performances. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 25(2), 262-277. Davidson, M. C. G., & Wang, Y. (2011). Sustainable labor practices? hotel human resource managers views on turnover and skill shortages. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tour, 10(3), 235-253. doi 10.1080/15332845.2011.555731 Druker, J., White, G., Hegewisch, A. & Mayne, L. (1996). surrounded by hard and soft hrm Human resource management in the construction industry. Construction management and economics, 14(5), 405-416. doi 10.1080/014461996373278 Filte Ireland. (2005). A human resource development strategy for irish tourism Competing through people. Retrieved from http//torc.linkbc.ca/torc/downs1/ strategy%20for%20Irish%20Tourism%5b1%5d.pdf Heathfield, S. M. (2013). What is human resource management?. Retrieved from http//humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryh/f/hr_management.htm Nickson, D. (2007). Human resource management for the hospitality and tourism industries. (1st ed.). Boston, MA Butterworth-Heinemann. ONeill, J. W., & Davis, K. (2011). Work stress and well-being in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Managemen t, 30(2), 385390. doi10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.07.007 Rouse, M. (2007). What is cost center? Retrieved from http//searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/cost-center Rouse, M. (2011). What is human resource management (hrm)?. Retrieved from http//searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/human-resource-management-HRM Rudman, R. (2010). Human resources management in new zealand (5th ed.).